Outsourcing Software Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Outsourcing Software Development - Essay Example Faster work pace: Companies, relying on outsourcing software development, may be able to develop and deploy software applications faster than they would if developed locally because the cost savings enable them to employ bigger teams with lesser cost, which speeds up the process. High demand short term phases: When larger quantities of resources are needed for relatively short bursts, it is easier to outsource it than go through the process of hiring and then firing or finding personnel to do contract work. India's advantage: Thanks to its long tradition in offshore software development, a high percentage of English literate population and the availability of high level IT education, India is a popular choice for outsourcing software development. It also commands growing infrastructure and very competitive rates of software development. Vendor characteristics: Picking the right vendor is crucial. Ability of the vendor to deliver, history and integrity of the vendor, financial background and quality of service are all determined by choosing the right vendor in order to arrive at the benefits. An incapable vendor is often unable to deliver and may cause more problems than solutions. Managing the project: Often the hidden costs of managing the project are overlooked. This is a necessity to monitor the vendor and make sure milestones are met. In addition cost of communication and connectivity as well as training need to be factored and this will all add up bit by bit. Communication gaps: Cultural differences, time zone differences and work ethics often lead to communication gaps and misunderstanding project deliverables. These cause costly errors and failure to meet expectations that defeats the purpose of outsourcing. Transparency : Vendors often have the opportunity to manipulate the Time and Materials contracts, state the usage of more resources than actually used, add more hours logged than actual etc. trying to bump up revenues thereby taking away the cost advantage of the companies that outsource. Lower quality of end product: This may be the direct result of a high attrition rate in the vendor company, high employee rotation in the project and lack of continuity among the vendor resources. All these will result in loss of technical expertise resulting in poor output quality. Data security: Cultural differences and lack of strict standards governing Intellectual property rights often result in data piracy and safety breaches. If the vendor breaches statutory laws, without the company knowing they are still is held responsible for the violations. Much of these risks can be mitigated by executing due diligence to the research before the work is outsourced. Choosing the right experienced vendor ensures half of the success of the project. Asking earlier clients about satisfaction of qualitative timely deliverables. Choose a certified vendor with ISO 2000 or CMM level certification that assures a minimum quality level in

Theoretical Framework in Nursing Process Essay Example for Free

Theoretical Framework in Nursing Process Essay Think back to the last time someone close to you became sick. Using Myra Estrin Levine’s conservation model: what would have been the focus of your assessment? How did the illness affect you and the rest of your family? Levine’s Conservation Model  is focused in promoting adaptation and maintaining wholeness using the principles of conservation. The model guides the nurse to focus on the influences and responses at the organismic level. The nurse accomplishes the goals of the model through the conservation of energy, structure, and personal and social integrity (Levine, 1967). Although conservation is fundamental to the outcomes expected when the model is used, Levine also discussed two other important concepts critical to the use of her model – adaptation and wholeness. (http://nursingtheories. blogspot. com, retrieved April 16, 2012) Now recalling the recent hospitalization of patient RG (my girlfriend) due to vaso-vagal syncope, I unknowingly applied all of the four conservation principles, as well as the major concepts that revolve around the model. A few days prior to admission, patient RG reported to began having episodes of constipation. Two hours prior to admission, she stated that she woke up due to severe abdominal pain and directly went to the bathroom. A few moments later she was found by her mom on the floor, just regaining her consciousness and with a deep, moderately bleeding, 2-cm laceration on the right cheek bone area. She was rushed to the emergency room and was eventually brought to the OR for repair of facial laceration by a plastic surgeon. I happened to be on duty at that time and, as expected, was the one to attend to her during her stay in the ER. Standard ER protocols would lead me to primarily assess for changes her level of consciousness (should the origin would be neurological in nature), followed by a brief review of systems – any variation from the normal vital signs would deem significant for a patient who’s chief complaint is loss of consciousness (should the origin would be cardiac in nature). Immediately, the theory of conservation would imply that the patient should temporarily be placed on bed rest while we still determine the possible cause of the problem (conservation of energy). Simultaneously, measures were done to revent infection from and further bleeding of the laceration (conservation of structural integrity). When the bleeding has been controlled and tests and other basic interventions have already been done, I tried on keeping her mind as far away as possible from worrying about the probable effects of the cheek injury and the development of a facial scar with her self-image perception (cons ervation of personal integrity). Lastly, as I was already on the outgoing shift, I made sure that I stayed with her even after my duty for additional support until she was brought up to the OR (conservation of social integrity). Once she was out of the OR, it was advised that she still be confined for the next 24 hours for observation and to make sure that the episode of loss of consciousness would not recur again. After being discharged, she was advised by her attending physician to rest for a additional week prior to going back to work. Apparently the facial damage has also exposed her facial nerves which also had to be repaired. In addition, her parotid gland has also been injured, causing facial swelling whenever she eats. For the next week she had to adapt with the condition and I was there for her helping her adjust with the challenges and though out the whole ordeal. To make matters worse, the injury on her facial nerves caused weakness on her facial muscles leaving her central incisors to become unstable, resulting into even more pain and discomfort when eating and chewing. This caused strain in our relationship as she was highly irritable most of the time. It was as hard for me and for the rest of her family as it was for her as we are all clearly affected by her disability/limitations. Still, that did not deter us from being all there to support her. In two weeks, the swelling improved and the pain went away. She started eating normally again and the scar on her face became barely noticeable. Without realizing it, I have put into good use Myra Levine’s conservation theory. B. Using Roy’s model of adaptation, what were her adaptive needs in the following modes: physiologic, interdependence, role function, and self-concept In the physiologic mode, adaptation is concerned about the preservation of physical integrity (Fawcett, 1984). Basic human needs such as oxygenation, nutrition, elimination, activity and rest, protection, and temperature regulation are identified with this mode. In addition, the body’s complex processes in the form of fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balances as well as the neurologic and endocrine functions are also taken into consideration (Manriquez, 2009). In the interdependence mode, emphasis is on the need for social integrity. Interdependence entails maintaining balance between dependence and independence of an individual’s relationship with others. Dependent behaviors can be observed as affection-seeking, help-seeking, and  attention-seeking. Independent behaviors include mastery of obstacles and initiative taking. Manriquez (2009) describes this as â€Å"the need is to achieve relational integrity using the process of affectional adequacy†, i. e. the giving and receiving of love, respect and value through effective relations and communication. In the role function mode, the need for social integrity is also emphasized. When human beings adapt to various role changes that occur throughout a lifetime, they are adapting in this mode. Knowing who one is, in relation to others, so one can act is the primary essence of this mode. â€Å"Role set† is the complex of positions that an individual holds which involve role development, instrumental and expressive behaviors as well as the role-taking process (Manriquez, 2009). In a group setup such as a family, the role can be assessed by observing the communication patterns. The need is role clarity, understanding and committing to fulfill expected tasks so the group can achieve common goals. For example, when a couple adjusts their lifestyle appropriately following retirement from full-time employment, they are adapting in this mode (Wikipedia retrieved April 24, 2012). In self-concept mode, the need for maintenance of psychic and spiritual integrity is its main function. Perceptions of one’s physical and personal self are included in this mode. (Wikipedia retrieved April 24, 2012). The goal is to exist with a sense of unity, meaning, and purposefulness in the universe (Manriquez, 2009).

Comparing The Passionate Shepherd To His Love, Her Reply, and Cecil Day

Comparing The Passionate Shepherd To His Love,  Her Reply, and Cecil Day Lewis  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When looking at these three poems,   it immediately becomes noticeable that all of them are very similar.   They often share the same lines,   almost word for word,   and furthermore follow a smilar tone,   as well as having an identical rhyming pattern.   „The passionate shepherd to his loveâ€Å" (poem number one)   is followed by an answer from his lover (poem number two),   and is then followed up by a further poem by Cecil Day Lewis,   which like in poem number one,   is an attempt at winning a ladies heart over,   and convincing her to devote all her love to him.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The first poem seems to be an idyillic one,   and spends a lot of time going into the description of the surrounding nature.   Christopher Marlowe describes the countryside as being pure and beautiful,   and seems to be trying to suggest that his love is also something natural and pure. „That hills and valley,   dales and fields, Or woods or steepy mountain yieldsâ€Å" However it almost seems as though it is too good to be true,   as one knows that nature also conceals many dangers.   However he takes it further than that,   and seems to try and build up a kind of utopia for his love talking about treating her as well as he possibly can. „And I will make thee a bed of roses, And a thousand fragrant posiesâ€Å" However the poet is now attempting to build up such a perfect image of their possible life together,   that it becomes ever more unrealistic.   The answer from the lady whose heart he is trying to win over however,   takes a far more realistic approach,   and seems to try and bring him back down to earth.   She makes him aware of the fact that time brings change,   an... ...,   but in the closing two lines of the last stanza in poems in and three the poets once again use the same lines to express their feelings. „If these delights thy mind may move, Then live with me and be my Love.â€Å" To conclude the comparison of the three given poems it must be said that they are very similar,   and in certain aspects even identical.   The only exception to this seems to be the second poem,   which was a reply to the first.   Despite talking about the same topic,   and being directly linked to the first poem,   it is very different,   as it is not attempting to proclaim the poets love,   but is turning it down.   Equally the last poem differs slightly due to different circumstances.   Yet all of them are attempting to show the reader (or the person it is meant for),   what the poets feelings towards that person is,   by using very descriptive language.

Psychological Analysis of Lee Harvey Oswald Essay -- Psychological Cap

On November 22nd, 1963 President John F. Kennedy was assassinated. It was concluded by The Warren Commission that the man who assassinated President Kennedy was 24 year old, Lee Harvey Oswald. Less than 48 hours after Kennedy was shot, while Oswald was being transferred to the county jail, he was assassinated. Lee Harvey Oswald was killed before he could undergo any psychological or psychiatric analysis, so it is impossible to know for certain what his mental state was at the time of President Kennedy's assassination. The Warren Commission states that they were unable â€Å"to reach any definite conclusions as to whether or not he (Lee Harvey Oswald) was ‘sane’ under prevailing legal standards (Warren et al., 1964, p. 375).† I do not believe that human behavior can ever fully be predicted. However, an analysis of Oswald’s childhood, as well as, his actions leading up to the assassination help us to understand the type of person Lee Harvey Oswald w as and give us an insight into his psychological state. Oswald had a troubling childhood to say the least. His father died two months before he was born in 1939 leaving him with no father figure in his life. Not only did the death of Oswald’s father leave him with without a father-figure, it â€Å"robbed him of a home and family life with constant parental figures (Abrahamsen, 1967, p. 869).† The death of Oswald’s father forced his mother to go to work, essentially leaving him without a mother as well. His mother sent Oswald, his older brother, Robert Oswald, and his older half-brother, John Pic, to an orphanage. Oswald stayed at the orphanage for thirteen months, until his mother married her third husband (Ewing & McCann, 2006, p. 22). Now that Oswald’s mother was remarried there w... ...brahamsen, David. (1967). A Study of Lee Harvey Oswald: Psychological Capability of Murder. Bulletin of The New York Academy of Medicine, 43, 861-888. Ewing, C.P., & McCann J.T. (2006). Minds on Trial: Great Cases in Law and Psychology. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. McAdams, John. (1995). Lee Harvey Oswald: Troubled Youth - Oswald Assessed by Psychiatrist Renatus Hartogs. Retrived from http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/ hartogs.htm. Simon, Jonathan. (1998). Ghosts of the Disciplinary Machine: Lee Harvey Oswald, Life-History, and the Truth of Crime. Yale Journal of Law and Humanities, 10, 75-113. Warren, E., Russell, R. B., Ford, G. R., Cooper, J. S., Dulles, A. W., Boggs, A., McCloy, J. J. (1964). The Warren Commission Report: Reports of the President’s Commission on the Assassination of President John F. Kennedy. New York, NY: St. Martin’s Press.

An Overview Of Diabetes Health And Social Care Essay

Chapter 1Diabetess is a malformation in the organic structure ‘s ability to change over glucose to energy. When nutrient is digested, it is transformed into fats, protein, or saccharides which the saccharides will impact the blood sugar degrees. Carbohydrates when digested will change over to glucose. Glucose is so transferred to the blood watercourse and is used by the cells for energy and metamorphosis. In order for the glucose to be moved from the blood watercourse into the cells, the endocrine – insulin will play the function. In diabetic patients, this procedure is affected. Diabetess develops when the pancreas fails to bring forth sufficient measures of insulin – Type 1 diabetes or the insulin produced is non working and can non reassign glucose into the cells – Type 2 diabetes. Either insulin is lack in measures or the insulin produced is harm and can non reassign the glucose into the cells. Type 1 diabetes occurs most often in kids and immature grownups, although it can happen at any age. Type 1 diabetes histories for 5-10 % while Type 2 diabetes is much more common and histories for 90-95 % of all diabetes. Type 2 diabetes chiefly affects grownups, with physical inaction and fleshiness.Diabetess MellitusType 1 Diabetes MellitusDiabetess Mellitus Type 1 is a serious disease that give effects to both biochemical and anatomic or structural of human being. It is a chronic medical status of saccharide, fat, and protein metamorphosis caused by the individual has less of insulin. The deficiency of insulin consequences from the inability of the pancreas to let go of insulin because of automatic immunisation devastation of the beta cells. It normally happens to kids and immature grownups but besides can look at any scope of ages. Its symptoms may include being excessively thirsty, urinating more often, experiencing really hungry or tired, unplanned weight losing, holding sores that heal easy, holding dry or antsy tegument, losing the sense in your pes and holding lessening in vision capableness. Finally, this disease can take to decease unless several methods of interventions are done. Most people who develop type 1 are look healthy and non corpulent. Although the existent cause of type 1 diabetes is remain non to the full understood and many research be done, it is considered to be of immunological root. Diabetess Mellitus Type 1 normally starts when the immune system damage the insulin-producing cells which is the I?-cells in the pancreas depicts as one of autoimmune response. In the some instance, patients do non demo any symptoms of holding the diabetes mellitus. High blood sugar and its associated symptoms which are frequent micturition and being thirsty do non ever occur until more than 90 % of the cells that make insulin have been demolished. The individual with household history of type 1 diabetes is like to hold diabetes mellitus Type 1. But it besides occurs in people with none household ‘s history of diabetes. In other instances, people who develop diabetes have one or many cistrons that make them fleeceable to the disease. Autoimmune response can be activated by environmental causes, such as being exposed to viruses and nutrients in immature age. Familial testing can be use to cognize if a household member could holding diabetes.InsulinInsulin is a peptide endocrine that has important effects on human metamorphosis. Insulin makes liver ‘s cell, musculus, and fatty tissue to devour glucose from the blood. The glucose is being stored as animal starch in the variety meats such as liver and musculus, and halting usage of fat as an energy beginning. When the insulin is non present or at minimal degree, glucose is non consume by organic structure cells, and the organic structure starts to utilize fatty tissue a s an energy beginning. As illustration, energy is being generated by move of lipoids from adipose tissue to the liver for motion. As its degree is a cardinal metabolic control mechanism, its position is besides used as a control signal to other organic structure systems and has several other anabolic effects all round the organic structure. When control of insulin degrees non working, it gives rise to diabetes mellitus. As a consequence, insulin is being taken up medically to bring around some symptoms of diabetes mellitus. Patients with type 1 diabetes need an external insulin which be injected subcutaneously to go on their life as the endocrine is no longer produced the insulin internally. Patients with type 2 diabetes are frequently opposition to insulin. They can endure from a comparative deficiency of insulin. Some patients with type 2 diabetes may necessitate insulin if other medicines can non command blood glucose degrees decently. There are three groups of insulin which are from animate being, human and parallels. Many people use human insulin and insulin parallels, although non many people still use carnal insulin because they have some prove that they otherwise lose their consciousness of sodium thiosulphate or they find carnal insulin works better for them. Figure 1.1 below shows the construction of insulin in insulin hexamer. Insulin construction and molecular synthesisFigure 1.1: Structure of insulin in insulin hexamer.Statisticss on DiabetessMalayaEntire figure of diabetes patients in Malaysia is now up to 4.2 million people contributed by the job of extra weight or fleshiness said by the President of Consumers Association of Penang ( CAP ) , SM Mohamed Idris ( CAP, November 14, 2011 ) . Fleshiness is the major subscriber to diabetes and it should be addressed instantly, as the job is now in dismaying degrees. It is proved that the prevalence of diabetes instances in Malaysia increased from one to two per cent in twelvemonth 1960 to 6.3 per centum ( 1985 ) , 8.3 per centum ( 1996 ) and now multiple at 14.9 per centum until twelvemonth 2006. Figure 1.2 below shows the per centum of Malaysians with diabetics to the ratio of Malaysians populations.Figure 1.2: Percentage of Malaysians with Diabetes ( CAP, November 14, 2011 )Pie chart below shows the per centum of deceases due to complications of diabetes among Malaysians diabetic patients ( Figure 1.3 ) .Figure 1.3: Percentage of deceases due to complications of diabetes ( College of Radiology, Academy of Medicine of Malaysia, 2009 )Based on the survey conducted by Zanariah Hussein, representative of Ministry of Health, Malaysia titled Prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus In Malaysia in 2006 – Consequences of the Third National Health and Morbidity Survey, it can be concluded that from Figures 1.4 to 1.6, increasing prevalence of diabetes wi th age, until age more than 65 old ages, crisp addition in prevalence at age 40 old ages and above and highest prevalence in age group 60 to 64 old ages.Figure 1.4: Prevalence of All Diabetes by Age Group ( MOH, March 31, 2008 )Figure 1.5: National Prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus by Race ( MOH, March 31, 2008 )Figure 1.6: Prevalence of All Diabetes Mellitus by States and Residence in Malaysia ( MOH, March 31, 2008 )From Figure 1.6, one in six grownup Malaysians above 30 old ages has diabetes – an estimated 1.4 million in figure. The diabetes prevalence in Malaysia has about doubled in the last decennary in analogue with duplicating of overweight/obesity in the population. This figure is likely an underestimate as it does non integrate those with stray postprandial hyperglycaemia in diabetic scope.AsiaThe proportions of people with type-2 diabetes and fleshiness have increased throughout Asia, and the rates of addition show no marks of decelerating. The International Diabetes Federation has predicted that the figure of persons with diabetes will increase from 240 million in 2007 to 380 million in 2025, with 80 % of the disease load in low- and middle-income states ( Figure 1.7 ) .Figure 1.7: Comparison of prevalence of diabetes in Asiatic states ( Kun-Ho Yoon, 2006 )Within the Asiatic part, India with a population of more than one billion, have the greatest Numberss of people prevalence with diabetes and are likely to stay in this place in 2025, by which clip they could each hold 20 million affected persons ( Figure 1.8 ) .Figure 1.8: Top 10 Countries in Asia with the Highest Number of Persons with Type 2 Diabetes in the Age Group 20 to 79 Old ages in 2007 and Projected Data in 2025 ( Juliana C. N. Chan, 2009 )UniverseIn twelvemonth 2000, the figure of diabetics worldwide is estimated at 151 million people and is expected to increase 50 per centum to 220 million in 2010 and make 300 million by twelvemonth 2025 if the universe ‘s population continue s practising the unhealthy life style that is bad eating wonts and deficiency of exercisings ( Harian Metro, 29 November 29, 2000 ) . Most people with diabetes live in the economically less developed parts of the universe ( see Figures 1.9 to 1.10 ) . Even in the part with the lowest prevalence ( Africa ) , it is estimated that around 280,000 deceases are attributable to diabetes in 2011. While more than 80 % of people with diabetes live in low- and middle-income states merely 20 % of planetary health care expenditures on diabetes were spent in these states, reflecting immense disparities ( IDF, 2010 ) .Figure 1.9: Number of Persons with Diabetes of Different Age Groups ( IDF, 2010 )Figure 1.10: Number of Deaths Attributable to Diabetes in Different Regions of the World in 2007 ( IDF, 2010 )By mentioning Figures 1.9 to 1.10, EMME indicates Eastern Mediterranean/Middle East ; SACA, South America/Central America ; SEA, Southeast Asia ( comprises Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Mauritius, Nepal, and Sri Lanka ) . Western Pacific comprises Australia, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, China, Hong Kong, Macau, Cook Islan ds, Fiji, Gallic Polynesia, Guam, Indonesia, Japan, Kiribati, Korea ( Democratic People ‘s Republic of ) , Korea ( Republic of ) , Lao People ‘s Democratic Republic, Malaysia, Marshall Islands, Micronesia ( Federal States of ) , Mongolia, Myanmar, Nauru, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Niue, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Samoa, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Taiwan, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, and Vietnam. Table 1.1 below shows the entire population ( 20-79 old ages ) , per centum of Diabetes Mellitus National prevalence, per centum of Diabetes Mellitus Comparative prevalence and deceases attributable to Diabetes Mellitus in twelvemonth 2010 for the seven parts in the universe.Table 1.1: Cardinal statistics on the seven parts about DM for the twelvemonth 2010RegionsEntire Populations ( 20-79 old ages ) ( 103 people )DM National PrevalenceDM Comparative PrevalenceDeaths attributable to DMAfrica 378,550 3.20 % 3.80 % 332584 Europe 646,367 8.60 % 6.90 % 634054 South East Asia 837,732 7.00 % 7.60 % 1142914 Western Pacific 1,530,822 5.00 % 4.70 % 1074955 Middle East and North Africa 344,469 7.70 % 9.30 % 294037 North America and Caribbean 319,893 11.70 % 10.20 % 313208 South and Central America 286,922 6.30 % 6.60 % 171303 An overview of each of the seven parts is presented here is to let for a better apprehension of the diabetes load and its effects. Each part is extremely diverse non merely in socio-economic and geographical footings but besides in diabetes prevalence, mortality and health care.History of DiabetessDiabetess mellitus appears to hold been a decease sentence in the antediluvian epoch. Scholars of that clip majorly agreed the disease was incurable. Such as Aretaeus ; ancient Greek doctor, did try to handle it but could non give a good forecast ; he commented that â€Å" life ( with diabetes ) is short, gross outing and painful. † Meanwhile, in mediaeval Persia, Avicenna ( 980-1037 ) provided a elaborate history on diabetes mellitus in The Canon of Medicine, â€Å" depicting the unnatural appetency and the prostration of sexual maps, † and he documented the sweet gustatory sensation of diabetic piss. Like Aretaeus before him, Avicenna recognized primary and secondary diabetes. He besides described diabetic sphacelus, and treated diabetes utilizing a mixture of lupine, Trigonella ( Greek clover ) , and zedoary seed, which produces a considerable decrease in the elimination of sugar, a intervention which is still prescribed in modern times. The diabetes term is coined by Arateus of Cappadocia. It was derived from a Grecian verb, †diabainein † . From there onwards, it kept on altering until it was derived as †diabAâ€Å"tAâ€Å"s † ; the word used today which brought the significance of, â€Å" one that straddles † . Diabetess is one of the earliest recorded diseases, with an Egyptian manuscript, dated every bit old as 1552 BCE ( Before Common Era ) , where an Egyptian physician Hesy-Ra of the 3rd Dynasty saying it as â€Å" excessively great voidance of the piss † . In English, diabetes is foremost recorded in 1425 in a medical text, as diabete. In 1675, â€Å" mellitus † ; a Latin word ( intending â€Å" honey † ) is added by Thomas Willis as a mention of the piss ‘s sweet gustatory sensation. Subsequently in 1776, a verification by Matthew Dobson verified that the sweet gustatory sensation in piss is due to a presence of an surplus of a sort of sugar. It was 93 old ages subsequently when ‘islet of Langerhans ‘ is discovered. In 1869, Paul Langerhans, a German medical pupil, made the first find but still, unable to explicate their map. Then, in 1901 an American diagnostician named Eugene Opie from John Hopkins University ; Baltimore managed to set up a connexion between the failure of ‘islet of Langerhans ‘ and the happening of diabetes. In research stuff production facet, Prof. John J.R. Macleod produces a monograph on diabetes with a rubric of ‘Diabetes: Its Pathological Physiology ‘ in 1913 while in 1916, a diagnostician from Boston, Elliot Joslin made a digest of his ain 1000 instances and produced â€Å" The Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus † text edition. His text edition together with his subsequent researches over the following five decennaries marked his repute as one of universe ‘s expert in this filed. From here onwards, surveies, researches, developments and finds have been made by assorted individual and establishments. Such event is in 1921 where Dr. Frederick Banting made the find of insulin, a critical endocrine in modulating saccharide and fats metabolism in organic structure. The find brought a immense impact to the universe at that clip as diabetes was peculiarly a sickening, incurable and death-leading disease. Furthermore, in 1959 research workers identify type 1 diabetes as insulin dependant and type 2 diabetes, the non-insulin dependant. This leads to more intensive and specific surveies on the topic. As for the clip being, get downing from 1991, November 14 of each twelvemonth is devoted for World Diabetes Day by the International Diabetes Federation and the World Health Organization. This act is due to the fact the dismaying rise of diabetes around the Earth which besides acts as a primary planetary consciousness run.Problem StatementUp to show, there are non many research documents and undertakings have been done sing the mathematical theoretical account of insulin. So there are merely few Numberss of mathematical theoretical accounts on insulin have been published. Although the research about insulin started back about 90 old ages ago, the existent causes of diabetes mellitus Type 1 have non been discovered yet. In this research, we have to optimise Hovorka mathematical theoretical account for glucose distribution and make an beforehand mathematical theoretical account by utilizing Artificial Nervous Net Work. Then, from those two mathematical modeling, we have to came up with a modeling and simulation of the insulin bringing system for patients with diabetes mellitus type 1.AimsTo make a mathematical modeling and simulation of the insulin bringing system for patients with Type 1 diabetes. To make an beforehand mathematical theoretical account by utilizing Artificial Nervous Net Work. To optimise Hovorka mathematical theoretical account for glucose distribution.Scopes of ResearchThe range of this research is concentrating on insulin consequence on glucose distribution in human organic structure ; where the topic involved is patients with Type 1 Diabetes. In inside informations, the research is governed in finding the mass of glucose in accessible and non-accessible cells, which are fundamentally the pancreatic I?-cells. Second, the research is besides intended to look into the plasma insulin concentration based on the glucose degree. This subdivision will associate the relationship between both variables under certain identified conditions ( capable, degree of glucose, etc. ) and have the consequences compared, analyzed and discussed. Furthermore, it is besides desired to analyze the insulin consequence on transit in blood, glucose distribution and autochthonal glucose. This portion of the research will lucubrate how insulin affects blood transit in the human orga nic structure, glucose distribution in the human blood vass and besides how insulin can impact the autochthonal glucose degree in the organic structure ; glucose that already present in the organic structure or consumed earlier. Furthermore, the research will besides include the survey on modeling and simulation of the insulin bringing system utilizing both Artificial Neural Net Work mathematical theoretical account and Hovorka mathematical web.Dissertation OverviewIn this chapter ; chapter 1, the treatment covers the basic debut to the research undertaking. Such inside informations are the research background, job statement, aims and range of the research. In the 2nd chapter, literature reappraisal is the chief subject to be discussed. In general, this subdivision allows farther required information to be extracted and analyzed for a better understanding procedure in order to better the work end product. System designation method is applied to the system by reexamining diaries. In Chapter 3 research methodological analysis is the chief kernel. This chapter provides a comprehensive amplification sing the instruments, stuffs and methods used in finishing the research in such a manner it enables reader to hold a cognize apprehension. Research methods aspect will be including the experimental design, the figure of capable, setup ( if use any ) etc. Chapter 4 ; the research itself. In this chapter, all the related researches, experiments, simulations and patterning are being carried out. The obtained informations from all these are analysed tabulated and recorded in ways that are appropriate and suited such as table, figure and diagram. Then, treatment regulating the consequences obtained with regard to hypothesis is conducted in a elaborate mode by concentrating the chief findings and illations. However, strengths and failings of the consequences should be included. Last, chapter 5, one that concludes the full research and in a manner provides the best recommendation for the findings ‘ sweetening intent. A brief sum-up of the chief findings can be included while adverting the restrictions faced in transporting out the research and recommendation for farther research based on the current determination.

Local area of Moseley Essay Example

Local area of Moseley Essay Example Local area of Moseley Essay Local area of Moseley Essay After evaluating the local area of Moseley, I have realised there is a serious lack in exquisite restaurants. Moseley is a very respectable area, therefore I feel this has given me the opportunity to open a respectable restaurant. The nearest restaurant is approximately a 15 minute drive from my chosen location. Therefore I intend to open a restaurant in this region. I plan to call my restaurant Makou, I have chosen this name because the cookery type in Sri Lanka and Southern Indian areas is called Makou.The restaurant will be located near the main High Street which lengthens from Moseley through Kings Heath. I feel that if I choose to locate my business here I will attract not only customers from the area of Moseley but also customers from the area of Kings Heath. The High Street is a very busy place both day and night, this I feel is also an advantage because I will be attracting customers and a lot of attention, this can be great for my businesses publicity.I feel that this locati on will allow me to gain most of the market as my business is very unique amongst the High Street shops, as for the shoppers it is almost a treat because they can enjoy something which has never been offered.Aims ObjectivesI have many aims to start my business and to keep it running, in order to preserve and keep my business running I must conduct market research and gain the most out of the market.I must take into account the 4 Ps, pricing, promotion, product and place. I will research into my target audience in order to obtain crucial information about what my potential customers actually want.After my research has been conducted I must analyse my findings and I will present them in pie charts, these will clearly allow me to see which decisions must be made by my business.One of my main aims for my business is to make a lot of profit, maximum if possible. I must also make my business known through means of advertisement leaflets, brochures radio and televised advertising.An adeq uate business plan is vital for my company, this will allow me to gain financial support form banks in order to provide me with the start-up capital I need. In order to conduct my research I must create a marketing strategy to conduct my marketing research. I will be using combinations of researches, desk and field are both applicable in my case, field research is very time consuming therefore I aim to combine both types of researches.A niche is important for any company in its desired market, this is also one of my aims. I have proposed a target to reach customer satisfaction, this will allow customers to trust my company and what we provide, thus allowing my customers to become a form of advertisement, they tell friends and family about my business; attracting again more customers.Market ResearchThere are two main types of research, these are known as desk and field research. Field research is very expensive and time consuming, but the information gained is eye witnessed and is no t a secondary resource. Desk research is done by using information through secondary sources, the information therefore is not always correct or accurate, but it doesnt consume a lot of time. Therefore, both types are applicable to my research, I need accurate information which doesnt take a lot of time.I will create a questionnaire with both quantitative and qualitative questions, I will also interview someone from another market quite similar to that which is mine. Once done, I will present my findings and apply my results in order to make key decisions regarding my business.Pricing is a key factor as part of the 4 Ps, I must take into account the different types of pricing strategies:* Penetration Pricing: This is where a firm charges a very low price when the product is new to attract customers. Once the product has established, the firm will increase the price. This helps to get brand loyalty. In relevance to my business, this would be a very effective pricing strategy due to t he fact that I would be able to attract customers with my low price and hopefully keep them interested in the snooker hall after increasing the price.* Skimming: This is the opposite of penetration pricing. Firms charge a high price to begin with. This helps the product to seem desirable to people with large incomes. When the product has established the firm will lower the price to help it become a mass-market product. In relevance to my business, this wouldnt be an effective means of pricing my services due to people not being interested if the price is very high. If the price is very high, I feel that the customers will feel that going to my hall wouldnt be worth it.* Destroyer Pricing: This is where firms charge low prices that they know are unprofitable for their competitors. Once they have driven their competitors out of the market they will raise prices. This is illegal. This wouldnt be very effective for my business mainly because its illegal. Also, there is limited competiti on therefore there would be no need to try to drive the customers out of the market.* Price Discrimination: This is where firms charge different prices to different consumers for the same product. I wouldnt charge different prices to different people instead I would charge different prices at different times. So, playing late at night the prices would decrease so the place could become more social. I would concentrate more on discounts and membership in order to attract customers.* Competition Pricing: This is where the firm has to charge similar prices to other firms. It happens when there is lots of choice and not much product differentiation. As stated before, there is limited competition in the area so there would be no need to charge prices the same as competitors as the nearest competitor is miles away.I find that penetration pricing is very applicable to my situation, if I start off at a low price I will be calling the customers in, customers are often more likely to head for the lower prices.As though for terms of promotion, I will be looking at a lot of different types of advertising media:* Television: Advertisements can reach millions can target people who watch particular programmes. It is very expensive. Due to the limited budget I have, I see no need to use television to advertise my business, seeing as theres only my hall and I dont operate as a franchise, there would be no sense in advertising to people in other cities. Also, it is way too expensive and not sensible* Radio: Radio is cheaper and listeners of particular programmes can be targeted, but its sound only and the audience is usually smaller. Radio can be an effective means of targeting local customers. It would be more suitable to use local radio to promote my business rather than using national radio.* Newspaper and Magazines: Its easy to target audience effectively using newspaper and magazines. Theyll often be read more than once, but they are often not in colour and silent. Local n ewspapers and magazines would be a very effective means of advertising my business because they are not so expensive and there is a high audience for newspapers and magazines.* Posters and Billboards: These have a high visual impact, stay in place for a long time and can be seen daily by lots of people. But they are often near roads and drivers only see them for a few seconds so they cant contain too much information. Posters would be useful for promoting my business as they can be seen all over walls but billboards wouldnt be as effective because it would take too long to read them if the customer is a driver.* Cinemas: These have a very high visual and sound impact and particular films can be targeted. Unlike all other media audience can be captivated. Theyre very expensive. I feel that this wouldnt be an effective means to advertise my business because I have a limited budget and this would cost way too much. Also, Im intending to attract local customers and not customers nationw ide.* Leaflets and Junk Mail: These are cheap to produce and distribute and junk mails good for targeting. Theyre easy to ignore. Leaflets would be a very effective means of advertising as long is its targeted at the right audience. Also, its not expensive and it can be useful to use these.Internet: Websites can have a high visual impact, be interactive and link directly to buying the product. But the advert is competing wit a lot of other stuff on the net so it has to really grab people. Internet would be effective because it can make people aware of my company. It doesnt cost too much either.Only a few of the methods of advertising would be cost-effective and good to target audience. They are local radio, newspapers, posters, leaflets and the internet. I feel that using as much as I can in accordance to my budget will help me get the publicity that I wish to attract.The 4 Ps also known as the marketing mix must also be included:* Product: A firm must come up with a product that pe ople will want to buy. It must fulfil some of the customers needs or wants. I feel that by opening this snooker hall I am appealing to many of the citizens who live In the Yardley Area. Opening a pool hall will enable people of the area to enjoy a game of pool whenever they like without having to travel a long distance to play.* Price: he price must be one that the customer thinks is good value for money. This is not the same as being cheap. I feel that by researching the different pricing strategies I will find the certain types of price I wish to charge. I am intending to charge a low price so that it will not deter people visiting the hall.* Promotion: The product must be promoted so that the potential customers are aware that it exists. I am intending to use the most effective means of advertising in such a local area. Research of advertising strategies will help to influence my idea.4 Place: The product must be available for sale in a place that the customer will find convenien t. I have proposed to open my hall on the main road in Yardley thus l leading to the conclusion that it wont be out of the way or hard to find while being convenient.There is also another factor which involves segmentation, here are the types that have been segmented:* Age: The teenage Market or over 55s etc. I am intending for this snooker hall to be open to people of all ages thus leading to age not being a variable.* Social Class: Class A professions down to Class E the unemployed. The hall is intended to be open for anybody who enjoys the game whether they are employed or not is not a matter.Culture or Religion: Different groups have their own unique beliefs. Taking into consideration that there will be a bar and consuming alcohol is prohibited in some religions, the bar will be open so whoever wishes to have a drink can purchase one and there will be many non-alcoholic beverages included.In order to obtain information about what my customers want, I have devised a questionnaire , this will allow to me to get information from customers I need.QuestionnaireHello there, I am intending to open a exquisite restaurant around this area, would you mind filling out this questionnaire please?1) What age group do you belong to?[5-16] [17-30] [31-50] [50+]2) Do you enjoy a night out on the local high street?[Yes/No]3) How often do you go out for a meal?[Once a Week] [Once a Month] if other please specify 4) What price do you normally tend to pay for a meal?Please specify..5) Would you be interested if there was a new restaurant to be opened up inthis local area?[Yes/No]6) Would secure car parking be a vital asset?[Yes/No]7) Would social things such as bars etc. make the place more exciting? [Yes/No]Thankyou for your time.I also took this time to interview a ex owner of a very well appreciated and respected restaurant in the local area.Me What was the core influence for you to open a restaurant?Manager Well, I love to eat out, its one of the things I just love to do, and my wife and I love to go out to eat, but a lot of local fish and chip shops just did not tickle our fancy. This heavily influenced me to open the businessMe: During your launching period which types of media did you find most effective taking into consideration the limit of budget?Manager: I considered all types of media but it was only that I found the major ways of advertising are generally more expensive and not worth it. I felt that flyers, newspapers and radio were the best way to promote the business without compromising on finance.Me: Once your company was flowing, which pricing strategy was used and which was used at the launch stage?Manager: At the launch stage, the most effective pricing strategy was the Penetration pricing. It seemed to attract more customers due to its low price. Once we were flowing and known, we began using increasing the price in order to make more profit to put back into the business.Me: What other features did you find attracted customers?Manag er: Hmm I would have to say that the secure car park and the bar helped much. People generally like the idea that their car is safe and also the bar helps much due to it being a social attraction.Thanks a lot for your supper, I appreciate this dearly.From the interview I can see that pricing and promotion were very important for a well run well respected business, therefore I intend to follow but differ along the way in order to reach this status.Findings AnalysisFrom the questionnaires that were filled in, the results have been placed in a easy-to-view pie chart. This will allow me to make future decisions concerning my business.What Age Group?This pie chart generally shows us that the majority of people who are interested in the business are 17-30 years old. A staggering 65 percent of them were. This shows me the age group and general habits of drinking etc at these ages.Do you enjoy a night out?74% of the people asked enjoyed going out for a meal. This shows me that it can be pro fitable and not a waste of time. Hopefully I am hoping to get more people interested.How often do you tend to go out?From studying this chart, it shows us that the majority of people hardly go out, I think thats due to the fact there are no restaurants near enough. Hopefully with the right means of advertising and the right features it will help attract more customers therefore they will tend to go out more.Would you be interested in a restaurant located here?The majority of the people would be interested in a resaurant located within the specified area. This makes the whole project worth while. Im hoping to make the business seam appealing in order to get others interested.7) Would secure car parking be a vital asset? [Yes/No]This chart has implied that the need for car park is definitely vital in order to attract customers therefore I am intending to include a car park with the restaurant.Would social things such as bars etc. make the place more exciting? [Yes/No]This chart sugges ts that social features arent necessarily vital but would help towards the effort of attracting customers; therefore I am going to include these features.My findings analysis has opened a whole new door of enlightenment for me, it has shown me what my customers want and is now allowing me to make important decisions towards becoming a well known business.Marketing CampaignHere are the decisions I have made, after all of my research I have conducted and all of my findings I have obtained, I feel these are the companies vital decisions regarding the marketing mix( 4 Ps)Price I have chosen to take up penetration pricing, but as I gain more customers and attention I will slowly increase the price, I will do this because as I tart off with a low price I am increasing the customer rate entering my restaurant, and I know that once I achieve customer satisfaction my customers will want to return to my restaurant, increasing the price therefore does not affect anyone.Promotion As for means of advertising, I feel that this is the best way to promote my business, I can make a website for people to access and come and enjoy this experience, a local newspaper which is often read and found in all shops on the High Street can be used, if I place an ad in the newspaper it will broaden and let almost every shopper now about my restaurant. Other successful ways which I hope to try out are radio, its not very expensive but happens to be very effective.Place The location I have chosen is just off the High Street, this proves ideal because t is a very suitable location, I already have a lot of people passing by, groups are bound to take a look. I have also chosen this area because there is a lack of competition, this I hope will make my business successful.Product I am hoping to introduce a exquisite unique restaurant as a new experience for shoppers on the High Street stretching through Moseley and Kings Heath, there will be a lot of events taking place here and I hope to bri ng along celebrities to up my business and increase my popularity along with publicity.EvaluationAfter conducing my research and after clear analysis of my findings it has been made clear what my customers actually do want and what it takes to make a successful business start and to keep it up and running. Preservation is a key factor here.First of all I realised that a car park would be important as people are often willing to travel to enjoy a meal, but I never realised what capacity of people wanted a secure car park.I have also realised that the research I conducted was thorough and precise.If I was to do this whole project over, I would have spent more time on my interview and questionnaire as this has helped me a lot, and I would analyze my findings more thoroughly.I feel that if I had enough capital I could then engage in more serious ways of promoting my business and maybe disperse nationwide becoming well known.

The extent to which supply chain activities within Zara supports its competitive advantage The WritePass Journal

The extent to which supply chain activities within Zara supports its competitive advantage Introduction The extent to which supply chain activities within Zara supports its competitive advantage . Some of its stores operate under the Lefties brand, known for low-cost fashion. It has become a well-known brand globally and one of the biggest success stories in Spanish history (Inditex, 2013; Economist, 2012). The fashion industry in which Zara operates is characterized by intense competition among rivals in the industry with ever changing customer preferences driven by continuous design and output of new fashion items that change every season. This continuous shift challenges the dominance of a company or product in the market over the long term, which can be significant as a competitive advantage in other sectors. The acquisition of competitive advantage in the fashion industry through pricing and production of new lines can hardly be sustained with the intense competition and ever-increasing costs in the competitive business environment (Economist, 2012; Inditex, 2013). Also a major challenge to business in the current business environment is the global economic recession and attendant economic challenges, which has hit the fashion industry’s profitability and growth hard threatening the survival of players in the market, especially the companies serving the wider international m arket (Economist, 2012). Given these challenges threatening sustainability and viability of companies in the long term, it is incumbent upon firms in the fashion industry including Zara to enhance focus on developing and implementing strategies to improve bottom line, enhance profitability and assure revenue growth into the future. Pricing, quality, and new designs/items as potential sources of competitive advantage are challenged by characteristic frequent shifts of the fashion and apparel industry and, therefore, the sustenance of such strategies over the longer term as sources of competitive advantage is hindered. In such a case therefore, a focus on efficiency and effectiveness of the supply chain is a possible strategy that can enable competitiveness especially in this industry, enabling companies to enhance bottom-lines and to realise growth in revenue and profitability essential for any economic venture (Cousins, 2005; HaËškansson and Persson, 2004). Zara, in light of these challenges in its industry, has managed to create and to sustain its breakthrough strategy enabled by its performance of key activities differently, especially enhancing efficiency and effectiveness of its supply chain. This it has achieved through a myriad of strategies at specific points in its manufacturing and distribution including employment of technology, vertical integration, market intelligence and customer service, among several other tweaks of its production and distribution processes (Inditex, 2013; Economist, 2012). Its success, competitive differentiation and positioning which have contributed to its notable customer preference over its close rivals can be attributed to clear focus and vision in its tapping of the power of fashion, finding key activities that matter to customers and enhancing key operational activities, especially its supply chain (Economist, 2012). It has set the challenge for its competitors in the fashion industry who find it difficult to imitate or equal its achievement, its significant competitive advantage in the challenging industry and business environment (Inditex, 2013). The supply chain encompasses a network of relationships between organizations and integrated business processes across the boundaries of individual organizations and/or business units that are involved in providing products and services to customers at the end of the chain (Croom and Romano, 2000). In today’s competitive business environment and challenges threatening profitability and growth as have earlier been outlined, there is need to manage this network and constituent processes so as to ensure a smooth flow of goods and information back and forth from the raw materials through several intermediate entities to the end-users (Handï ¬ eld and Nichols, 2002). This synchronization of supply and demand is essential to enhance efficiency necessary for survival and competitiveness of firms in the market (Ketchen and Giunipero, 2004). A number of theoretical concepts enable the evaluation of the various processes that constitute the supply chain enhancing our understanding of the processes, motives for the engagements in the chain and consequently results expected and obtained. Among the theoretical concepts applicable to Zara’s case are: the Principal-Agent theory, the Transaction cost analysis, the Network Perspective, and the Resource-based view (Svensson, 2002). The Principal-Agent theory (PAT) is based on the separation between the principal and the agent (in this case Zara and the external suppliers and/or its internal production processes) with regard to the control of activities and ownership, and consequently, the resultant problems. Challenges of this separation include the asymmetry in information between the two players, bounded rationality, conflicts in objectives, variations in their risk aversion, their self-interest leading to inconsiderate behaviour, and the uncertainty of outcomes (Croom and Romano, 2000). This theory aims to facilitate the design of efficient contracts to mitigate such challenges and problems through the governance of the relationship between the two parties. An efficient contract would include a mix of incentives, based on behaviour and outcomes, that would motivate the agent to align their actions to the interests of the principal (Handï ¬ eld and Nichols, 2002). The Transaction Cost analysis (TCA) offers an economic approach in the endeavour to determine the boundaries of the firm. Through this, efficiency can be aptly presented as an essential motive for inter-organizational engagements such as those necessary in the supply chain (Frohlich and Westbrook, 2001; Svensson, 2002). Relationships in the supply chain are represented by a hybrid of hierarchies which influence costs of transaction and governance between markets. Through cooperation with entities and partners external to the organization, as well as cooperation of business units within, total transaction costs may be reduced. Commitments that are credible as well as safeguards such as long term contracts and penalties for deviations, sharing of equity, and joint investments that enhance the relationship, are some of the mechanism that can be used to mitigate opportunism (Ketchen and Giunipero, 2004). Also among the theoretical frameworks is the Network Perspective which describes the supply chain as a series of interactions which are reciprocated between institutions, with a firm’s performance depending not only on its partner’s cooperation with it, but also on these partners’ cooperation with their own business partners (Frohlich and Westbrook, 2001). These interactions become important factors in the development of new resources with the value of such resources based on their synergy combined with other resources. Gradually, partners build trust mutually through their social exchanges and cooperative relations (Handï ¬ eld and Nichols, 2002). The resource-Based view is concerned with the competitive advantage obtained from the possession of resources and capabilities which are considered to be a firm’s core competence. Efficiency in this case would not just be related to productivity and mechanisms of operation, building competencies in-house, but could also be obtained through access to core competencies of partner firms in cooperation with it. Decisions for such associations are based on finding complementary competencies among partners through inter-organizational collaborations towards mutual benefit (Handï ¬ eld and Nichols, 2002, Ketchen and Giunipero, 2004). With regard to Zara, and its supply chain, the company has partnered with a number of organizations that enable its successful performance of its production operations (Inditex, 2013; Min and Mentzner, 2004).   In the realization of the potential problems resulting from inefficiencies in dealing with numerous partners in the supply chain such as those envisaged in the Principal-Agent theory, and in an attempt to minimize transaction costs as outlined in the transaction cost analysis theory, Zara has, however, made an attempt to limit its exposure to external players and partners by conducting most of its manufacturing and distribution in-house thus ensuring greater efficiency (Womack and Jones 2003). Through its production facilities, it makes 40% of its fabrics and 60% of its merchandise, a strategy which has also enabled the company to significantly enhance efficiency and therefore competitiveness. This is unlike its closest rivals such as HM which has no factories and therefore employs over 900 suppliers (Inditex, 2013). Key to the fashion industry is the sourcing of inputs such as fabrics and dyes among other goods, as well as services such as labour to enable production. In acknowledgement of the need to tap into core competencies of partners, according to the resource-based view, and into synergies in association with aligned partners envisaged in the Network Perspective theory, Zara partners with contract manufacturers in Turkey and Asia that produce its staple, long shelf-life items such as jeans and t-shirts and a network of local cooperatives that stitch items together after the cutting and dyeing stage (Ketchen and Giunipero, 2004; Inditex, 2013). Also part of its supply chain are the entities that supply its fabrics and dyes which include Zara’s own subsidiary which purchases most of its dyes, and Comditel, a subsidiary of Inditex, through which Zara makes its fabric purchases. All these entities take charge of assigned tasks and the bulky and intensive production process so that Zara can focus on its specialty lines and core business which earns a significant portion of its revenues (Cox, 1999; Inditex, 2013). Zara, in the endeavour to turn its supply chain into a significant source of competitive advantage, has sought to enhance its control over the entire supply chain so as to enhance efficiency overall and thereby enable its substantial differentiation from its rivals in the industry (Womack and Jones 2003; Cox, 1999; Inditex, 2013). To this end, Zara has been quite successful and has managed to sustain its leading position with regard to efficiency and speed in the delivery of new items to stores and the replenishment of stock. Its   industry leading frequency of twice weekly deliveries drives customer preferences and ensures that its stores receives a high number of return visits to its stores by customers, beating industry averages (Economist, 2012). Zara’s value chain linkage, often tweaked to enhance efficiency and performance is a major platform which Zara continues to employ to differentiate itself with its closest rivals (Economist, 2012; Min and Mentzner, 2004). This enhanced efficiency is enabled by vertical integration in which Zara runs its own manufacturing and production facilities; control of crucial production processes; efficient coordination of suppliers and processes through technology; outsourcing to countries close to its headquarters; as well as finely-tuned logistics and its just-in-time manufacturing strategy. Other beneficial strategies include its centralized distribution which has enabled substantial reduction of lead-time and better inventory control; enhanced store management and control with its focus on the full ownership model; as well as a highly flattened hierarchical structure which enhances communication and enables effective conduct of market intelligence (Economist, 2012; Handï ¬ eld and Nichols, 2002). Through these initiatives, Zara has managed to acquire a leadership position in the industry gaining substantial preference, and achieving high growth and profitability (Inditex, 2013). Various theories in literature regarding the management of the supply chain can be useful tools which can be used to enhance understanding of the supply chain. They enable the evaluation of the chain so as to ensure that the company obtains maximum benefit from its management. Useful theories, especially with regard to Zara’s case include the transaction-cost analysis which is concerned with the employment of effective partnerships among players in the supply chain to reduce overall transaction costs; the principal-agent theory which is concerned with the development of efficient contracts to mitigate potential conflicts in supply chain associations and partnerships; the Network perspective which focuses on the wide network of inter-relationships   between two partners in addition to their individual business partners resulting in synergy and the development of new resources through a series of   reciprocated interactions; and the resource-based view which is concerned wit h competitive advantage gained through access to and employment of a partner’s core competencies and the mutual benefit enhancing the relationship. The supply chain when well managed and controlled can be a significant source of competitive advantage as can be seen in Zara’s case in the fashion and apparel industry. Zara’s deliberate strategies to enhance efficiency in its supply chain, made in consideration of the theories outlined above, have been significant factors that have enabled the achievement of its level of competitiveness and given it a strong market presence in the fashion and apparel industry. Through its deliberate endeavour to enhance efficiency in its supply chain, Zara has managed to differentiate itself from its rivals in the industry, as well as to find differences that matter to consumers thereby driving their preference. Consequently, these differences have enabled it achieve its growth and profitability targets. References Cousins, P.D. (2005), â€Å"The alignment of appropriate firm and supply Strategies for competitive advantage.† In: International Journal of Operations Production Management, Vol. 25 No. 5, pp. 403-28. Cox, A., 1999. â€Å"Power, value and supply chain management.† In: Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, Vol. 4 No. 4, pp. 1 Croom, S., and P., Romano, 2000. â€Å"Supply chain management: an analytical framework for critical literature review.† In: European Journal of Purchasing Supply Management, Vol. 6, pp. 67-83. Economist, 2012. Inditex Fashion forward Zara: Spain’s most successful brand, is trying to go global. Mar 24th. LA CORUÑA Frohlich, M., and R., Westbrook, 2001. â€Å"Arcs of integration: an international study of supply chain strategies.† In: Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 19 No. 2, pp. 185-200. Handï ¬ eld, R., and E., Nichols, 2002. Supply Chain Redesign: Transforming Supply Chains into Integrated Value Systems. Financial Times. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ. HaËškansson, H. and G., Persson, 2004. â€Å"Supply chain management: the logic of supply chains and networks.† In: The International Journal of Logistics Management, Vol. 15 No. 1, pp. 11-23. Inditex, 2013. Zara. Viewed from: inditex.com/en/who_we_are/concepts/zara Ketchen, D., and L., Giunipero, 2004. â€Å"The intersection of strategic management and supply chain management.† In: Industrial Marketing Management, Vol. 33 No. 1, pp. 51-7. Min, S., and J., Mentzner, 2004. â€Å"Developing and measuring supply chain management concepts.† In: Journal of Business Logistics, Vol. 25 No. 1, pp. 63-99. Svensson, G., 2002. â€Å"The theoretical foundation of supply chain management: a functionalist theory of marketing.† In: International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management, Vol. 32 No. 9, pp. 734-54. Womack, J., and D., Jones, 2003. Lean Thinking, 2nd ed., Free Press Business, London.

Marketing Plan For British Airways Essay Example

Marketing Plan For British Airways Essay Example Marketing Plan For British Airways Essay Marketing Plan For British Airways Essay Introduction Airlines are considered to be one of the most critical facets of concern organisations and persons likewise. Airlines have drastically reduced the clip required to transport goods and services over long distances. This implies big graduated table chances for participants of the air hose industry. However, the impudent side of the narrative besides reveals big scale competition among the market participants to prolong themselves in the market. This highlights the demand for concern organisations to bring on greater efficiency in their concern procedure. The present survey would concentrate upon the selling schemes of British Air passages with respects to short draw flights. The pick of the subject assumes significance sing that short draw flights constitute an of import portion of the concern countries for the organisation. The undermentioned subdivisions would carry on an analysis of the selling schemes of the house that would assist it to accomplish success in the peculiar concern s ection. Market Analysis The recent economic crisis had imposed a really important blow to the concern chances of the participants of the air hose industry. The dip in the degrees of disposable income coupled with cost film editing steps taken by concern organisations had a heavy impact on the gross and net income borders of the participants of the air hose industry in UK. A study published by the House of Commons in UK provinces that an approximative 225 million single riders and 2 million metric tons worth of goods used the aerial path for transit. The study besides shows rejoinder marks for the industry as it expect the industry to turn by about twice its present market value by 2030. The study besides foresees programs for enlargement of airdromes including the building of a 3rd track at London Heathrow airdrome. The study besides states the domestic riders in UK are progressively fall backing to air travel due to the falling menus of the air hoses ( House of Commons, 2010, p.3 ) . Low cost air hoses are besides emerging as a menace to British air passages by virtuousness of their competitory pricing scheme. Customer Analysis Customers are the most of import stakeholders for an organisation. This is peculiarly more apparent for organisations like British Airways whose concern market is flooded with rivals. This makes it indispensable to explicate schemes so as to derive market advantage. In instance of air hose industry the consumer purchase determination is based on facets like pricing which is one of the most of import facets that are considered by clients for doing a purchase determination. In add-on to this some other factors to be considered by the clients include trueness plans, effectual agenda of timings, comfort and atmosphere, safety and security, type of aircraft etc ( mention annexure 1 for inside informations ) ( Williams, 2008, p.19 ) . Low cost bearers have become a major market participant for the short draw section, which is largely because of the low menus offered by the air hoses. However the low cost bearers score low on their ability to expeditiously manage the operations. This repres ents a spread in the merchandise offering and client desires which could be efficaciously tapped by full clip bearers like British Airways to derive market advantage. Marketing Aims The selling scheme of British Airways for a three twelvemonth period would be based on the undermentioned aims. These aims would embrace clients, employees, public presentation, partnerships and service excellence. The chief aim of the house would be to derive market portion by supplying highly high degrees of service quality and guaranting greater efficiency in operations. The focal point of the house with respects to short draw flights would be to offer a premium degree of service which would be unmatched by any other participant in the market. The house besides intends to capture to short draw market by quickly spread outing into new countries with increased focal point on come ining into partnership with strategic participants like travel and circuit operators. Excellence in service quality would be ensured so as to supply the clients with the best value for every unit of pecuniary resource spent with the company for availing its merchandises and services ( British Airways, 2010, p.27, 28 ) . British Airways besides plans to efficaciously tap on to the chances presented due to the Olympic Games which are scheduled to be held in the state in 2012. The event would bring forth a big inflow of tourers in the state for which the house plans to set about effectual plans to tap the demands of the planetary tourers and besides to derive strategic advantage form the chances shown by the games. Selling Schemes The selling schemes of the house could be formulated by taking the Ansoff theoretical account into consideration. The Ansoff theoretical account defines the hereafter schemes of an organisation with respects to the schemes of a house in a market. The theoretical account proposes four basic schemes to be used by a house to capitalize on a market potency. These four schemes are market incursion in the bing market utilizing the bing merchandise line of the company, merchandise based development programmes in the bing market utilizing a new merchandise line, market development based schemes in which a house enters a new market utilizing a preexistent merchandise line and eventually a scheme for come ining the new markets utilizing a wholly new merchandise line ( Luck, 2008, p.346 ) . Figure 1: The Ansoff Matrix ( Beginning: Meldrum A ; McDonald, 2007, p.126 ) Market Penetration Market incursion schemes involve a state of affairs in which a house tries to come in an bing market with the bing merchandise offering. Market incursion scheme for British air passages in instance of short draw flights would include supplying a better merchandise offering by bettering its service quality. In add-on it could besides set about a reappraisal of its cleavage scheme to include more client sections in the market. Merchandise Development Merchandise development for British air passages could include bring oning new service offerings such as trueness plans, tie ups specific for corporate category riders, new bundles etc. Market Development This scheme would include come ining into new countries which are soon non served by the air hoses. These countries could be identified by set abouting a market study which would supply an thought of the markets which can be included in the service map of the air hose. Diversification Diversification is non a feasible option for the air hoses sing the fact that this scheme would necessitate migration of supply concatenation and perpendicular integrating which may non be executable for the house. Furthermore following such a scheme would take to loss of focal point on the present concern markets which would non be executable for the house. Decision and Recommendations The analysis of the market reveals considerable range for the air hoses to turn and spread out in the hereafter. However the present market scenario besides represents a state of affairs of big scale competition. This facet has been farther complicated by the coming of legion low cost bearers who offer cost effectual services for short draw paths. This assumes greater significance sing the fact that monetary value is the most of import factor that affects the purchase determination of the consumer for this specific service section. Finally following a scheme that could function to increase the market incursion and market development along with minor merchandise alterations for specific consumer sections would assist the house to set up a strong bridgehead in the moneymaking short draw section of the UK market. However the chief key to success prevarications in following greater efficiency and supplying better client service so as to set up an effectual trade name image that would sup ply long term sustainable competitory advantage to the organisation.

Introduction to Business Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Introduction to Business Law - Essay Example The report states that the contract included a clause specifically stating that the seller would provide up to $500.00 for any necessary repairs, after inspection, at the closing of the deal. Now the buyers have had the house inspected and the inspector has informed them of two needed repairs. Due to the clause in the contract, the seller is obligated to pay up to $500.00 in these repairs but no more than that. So in regards to the buyers possibly expecting more, legally that would be a breach of contract so they can only expect to receive the amount the clause states for the repairs. Any expenses above that and they are required to pay the additional fees. (Larson, 2003-2005). Since there does not seem to be any specific clause such as: "Waiver clause, Liquidation Clause, Non-Waiver clause, etc then the only other logical means to go about settling the dispute would be to use an arbitration system. If this case were to go to a court of law then the seller would be forced to uphold the terms of the agreement in the time that was specified.  

Literature Research Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Literature Research Paper - Essay Example As the stories begin, both the protagonists, Calixta of â€Å"The Storm† and Edna of â€Å"The Awakening† are trapped in the confines of domesticity, however awareness of its confines slowly begins to dawn in both of them. In â€Å"The Storm† Calixta is busy with her domestic chores, â€Å"sewing furiously on a sewing machine†, until the storm starts brewing. â€Å"Suddenly realizing the situation† she goes about shutting doors (www.ablongman.com). The storm symbolizes the spur that jogs her into a new awareness. In a similar manner, Mademoiselle Reisz serves as the spur that jogs Edna into awareness, especially as contrasted with Madame Ratignole who is repressed and conservative and is described as the â€Å"bygone heroine of romance† (Chopin 888). As opposed to this, Madame Ratignole is â€Å"the embodiment of womanly grace and charm† but her race is also known for â€Å"their entire absence of prudery† (Chopin 889). In inter acting with Madame Ratignole, Edna becomes conscious of a vague dissatisfaction with her life and the narrowness of her upbringing, desiring to be as sensual as Madame Ratignole instead. This initial awareness leads both the protagonists into a sexual encounter. As Calixta gathers up the sheet she has been sewing, she appears to be unconsciously dispensing with the outward signs of her domesticity and submitting herself to the wildness of the storm raging outside. When Alcee gathers her into his arms, she looks up at him and the â€Å"fear in her liquid blue eyes had given place to a drowsy gleam that unconsciously betrayed a sensuous desire.†( www.ablongman.com). Edna’s awareness also leads her into a sexual encounter, and this is described as a light which begins to â€Å"dawn dimly within her – the light which, showing the way, forbids it.† (Chopin 893). This reveals the inner conflict which the sexual encounter generates in Edna, the path to independence lies revealed to her, yet it is not one encouraged by

Chinese Economy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5250 words

Chinese Economy - Assignment Example During this period the trade regime comprised of central planning that was generally a Residual category with respect to domestic capacity. Post-reform and pre-WTO: This was also called dual trade regime. There was devaluation of currency from $1 which was equivalent to 1.4 Yuan to 1 dollar being equivalent to 8.7 Yuan, this was a around 1994.Expoters were allowed to keep percentage of foreign exchange In 1996 there was current account convertibility. Dual track was advantageous in the following ways, in that the new sector benefit whereas the old sector is not hurt. Free market was also introduced and did not interfere with the existing old sector. Post-World Trade Organization. During this period there was tariff reduction and also removal of non-tariff barriers that included quotas, licensing and quantitative restrictions. Major services included telecommunication with advent of internet provision; there were also financial services and professional services like consultancy and a ccounting. 2. How did the dual-track foreign exchange market work? How did the dual-track in Foreign trade work? This period was majorly between 1986 and 1993.It involved: a) Currency devaluation from one dollar which was equivalent 1.4 Yuan to one dollar being equivalent to 8.7 Yuan in 1994. The devaluation of currency was encouraged to promote the number of exports. ... The Chinas foreign reserve by 2006 was over one trillion dollars which was more than a year’s import. d) In this period there was duty free and many processing zones were created, there were witnessed tax holidays for some specific industries to steer their growth. e) Little interference was witnessed and also free duty on goods purchased for the purpose of making export goods .Other countries that did the same were Island in India Ocean and Mauritius. f) The period experiences an increase in the no. of trade in terms of international firms. In general the exporters were in insulated against the forever world trade in general. 3. Why a dual-track instead of a single-track? Use the examples in foreign exchange and foreign trade to explain the advantages and disadvantages of a dual-track Dual track referred to coexistence of two coordination mechanisms (plan and market) and not to the coexistence of two ownership systems the dual-track system allowed state firms to transact and cooperate with non state firms, allowing valuable flexibility. But the growing importance of collective, private, and foreign-invested firms should be considered. It implied two tier pricing system for most goods. The greatest advantages of the dual as opposed to single track were that there was the introduction of free trade. In this system there were tax holidays that further encouraged more foreign investments. In respect to this the dual was evidently better than one single track system that was not as economically viable because single track meant the entire economy was planned. Planned economy in a way reduced investments and discouraged free trade. 4. Why is there a huge discrepancy

Not All Companies Are Viewed as Equal Assignment

Not All Companies Are Viewed as Equal - Assignment Example Various significant aspects including the role play by capitalism in corporate decision making, detailed analysis of a selected business situation and the execution of certain effective theories will also be discussed in the assignment. Nowadays, every company operating in dissimilar industries is apparently observed to be offering the products in accordance with the preferences or the choices of the customers. As an advocate, I would like to support the industries, as due to global economic pitfall; the purchasing power of the general people is getting limited, which in turn affects their profitability at large. It can be affirmed that in order to sustain in this land of free trade, industries of different scales need to produce low-cost goods for serving the customers according to their respective preferences (Frank, 2007). Evidently, the notion of capitalism is identified to play decisive roles in the context of corporate decision-making procedure. It can be apparently observed that the aspect of capitalism has risen by a considerable extent specifically in the corporate sector with the gaining momentum of free trade. This certainly affected the decision-making procedure of the corporate sector at large. Every industry desires to sustain in this competitive landscape and earn more profit. Thus, the decision-making procedure in corporate sector has certainly changed the entire business environment with the alignment of free trade. Identifiably, due to the prevalence of high competitive market, every entrepreneur has emerged with the execution of new ideas. These ideas may entail liberalizing the operational or business procedures and appropriately using the accessible resources among others (Bell & et al., 1988). The existence of varied ethical theories often advocates supporting either the consumers or the industries in the land of free trade. In the context of

Business for multi national Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business for multi national - Essay Example There is a concept of separate legal identity which differentiates the assets of the company from its owners. However, in the case of Maxwell, the funds of different organizations were used by him as if they were his own money which is contradicting not only the ethical aspect, but also the accounting aspect of ownership and control. Maxwell should have only used the funds of the company; even those funds should have been used after the approval from board. Maxwell used the funds of pension funds which belonged to employees and used them as collateral. This is an open violation of agency theory. The theory states that the trustees or people who control the movement of funds are the agents acting on the behalf of the true owners of those resources and they should make the best possible decision for the resources that are entrusted to them. When the ownership and control are exercised in the disadvantage of the stakeholders than the relationship between the agents and principal is terminated. Then any loss accruing from the misuse of funds or resources accrues to the agent and not the principal. Maxwell’s share of loss in this case should have been larger and he should have been burdened with all the resources that were due to his actions as an agent acting without the consent of principal. Maxwell disadvantaged the other stakeholders for the benefit of his own company. This is again something that is unacceptable from the ethical point of view and also from the regulatory and business point of view. The stakeholders suffered and in the end, Maxwell and his company suffered badly also. However, the funds that were loss due to his carelessness were not recovered and it can be seen in this case that when agent does something on this own behalf he is probably using the motive of self interest. That is one reason why law makers have developed the concept of â€Å"Board of Directors† that have to be consulted with so that

Not All Companies Are Viewed as Equal Assignment

Not All Companies Are Viewed as Equal - Assignment Example Various significant aspects including the role play by capitalism in corporate decision making, detailed analysis of a selected business situation and the execution of certain effective theories will also be discussed in the assignment. Nowadays, every company operating in dissimilar industries is apparently observed to be offering the products in accordance with the preferences or the choices of the customers. As an advocate, I would like to support the industries, as due to global economic pitfall; the purchasing power of the general people is getting limited, which in turn affects their profitability at large. It can be affirmed that in order to sustain in this land of free trade, industries of different scales need to produce low-cost goods for serving the customers according to their respective preferences (Frank, 2007). Evidently, the notion of capitalism is identified to play decisive roles in the context of corporate decision-making procedure. It can be apparently observed that the aspect of capitalism has risen by a considerable extent specifically in the corporate sector with the gaining momentum of free trade. This certainly affected the decision-making procedure of the corporate sector at large. Every industry desires to sustain in this competitive landscape and earn more profit. Thus, the decision-making procedure in corporate sector has certainly changed the entire business environment with the alignment of free trade. Identifiably, due to the prevalence of high competitive market, every entrepreneur has emerged with the execution of new ideas. These ideas may entail liberalizing the operational or business procedures and appropriately using the accessible resources among others (Bell & et al., 1988). The existence of varied ethical theories often advocates supporting either the consumers or the industries in the land of free trade. In the context of

Motivating the Employees Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Motivating the Employees - Case Study Example If Maryann is solely responsible for such behavior, then Burt can set Harriet Simon, who had always maintained the reports properly, as an example. However, Maryann failed to properly record the data, and this created grievances among the employees. Such irresponsible behavior by Maryann can considerably reduce the productivity of the employees. Burt needs to communicate to Maryann that such incident occurring due to her actions might lower the morale of the staff. In order to correct the irresponsible behavior of Maryann, it is quite imperative for Burt to act immediately – to identify the reasons for her actions and take corresponding measures to improve the behavior of Maryann and thus stimulate responsible work. Maryann must be reminded of the policies and the procedures of the company that she is supposed to abide by. The meeting can be conducted with Maryann and other employees to discuss the incidents of irresponsibility. During this meeting, the impacts of such unfavor able scenario on the organizational productivity should be addressed and certain corrective strategies developed. Burt could have prevented the dilemma by making his viewpoints apparent to Maryann at the time when he realized that the attitude of Maryann was quite unfavorable and she was incapable of accomplishing the delegated task. If Burt had corrected Maryann at the time she committed a mistake, he would have conveniently prevented the dilemma from occurring. If the evidence of poor performance had been produced before Maryann, the matter would have been resolved. When the evidence reveals the fact that there is an issue with an individual’s performance in terms of conduct, then it is necessary to refer to an organization’s disciplinary procedure. Training and coaching could have been offered to Maryann in order to improve her skills. Through adequate mentoring, Burt could have developed the knowledge  and the skills of Maryann. It is apparent from the case that Maryann was not serious enough and also did not properly focus on her job responsibilities.  

Comparing blakes london and wordsworths unpon west minster bridge Essay Example for Free

Comparing blakes london and wordsworths unpon west minster bridge Essay How do the poets use Structure, language and form in the two poems to help present their visions of London? William Blakes London 1793 and William Wordsworths Composed upon Westminster Bridge 1802 stage two contrasting views of London. Having both been written in the Romantic period, the two poets use their personal experience of London to illustrate the different visions of the city. Wordsworth adopted the Petrarchan pattern (abba abba cdcdcd) to create his flowing sonnet that describes the silent, undying beauty of London; the intimacy with his description could be inspired by classical poets such as Horaz, Virgil and Ovid. Blake however hardened to use a more harsh approach, delivering his dramatic reality of the dejected city. The two poems hold an expressive passion throughout and both have a deeper inner meaning than whats seen at surface value. At a first glance, these two poems seem the complete opposite. One compliments the natural beauty of London whilst the other only states the traumatic situations faced through a sinister, dark city. This style could have been inspired by Blakes surrounding of the French revolution which was imminent over London, theres a possibility that the murder and violence could have encouraged Blake to give his reality of the capital in the 18th century. Despite the obvious differences, the techniques and narrative set out by both poets are similar. Both Blake and Wordsworth chose to underline their visions of London by using some sort of rhyming scheme and iambs to manipulate the sounds and rhythm. Wordsworths undoubted admiration of London is expressed through his constant use of elegant praises. He masters a faint use of a strange paradox through the first lines saying earth has nothing more fair which exemplifies a tranquil, natural beauty, undisturbed by the obvious industrial city. The paradox having been established at the beginning of the octave stating the impossible unity of both a natural beauty and industrial development is explained towards the end through the line, like a garment, wear. This reveals that the city is wearing the natural beauty of the morning rather than being it. This structural technique continues in his next lines completing his paradoxical image. The fact that the city is bare relates back to the first contradiction by suggesting that London wears the smokeless air that is the fair beauty. Wordsworth uses the petrarchan pattern to compliment the image of the uninterrupted London. The poets emotion filled description of a motionless London implies that he rather prefers a non-industrializing, natural capital compared to the 19th centuries bustling metropolis. In his sestet (cdcdcd) the poet emphasizes the connection of whole poem has and how it coheres well together. He does this by using the sestet- steep, deep, asleep- to draw attention to that fact that the city is invalid in the way that the commerce of London has not yet awaken but is asleep. He keeps this in mind whilst still stating that the fact of the matter is, the city is more alive through its natural presence. The way he describes the river glideth at his own sweet will gives the reader a sense of undisturbed freedom and also relates to the poets overflowing, relentless and poignant description. Wordsworth creates a more flattering image of London when he explains how the sun has lightened it perfectly, Never did the sun more beautifully steep. The line: in his first splendour, makes the poet appear to be referring to god through his supposedly absent minded mention of his but hes not because previously he mentioned that the never had the sun more beautifully steep. This makes sense as the idea of the sun steeping gracefully over London ties in with the poems overall goal to exploit the capital as some sort of wonderful place however the idle image of the originator who created valley, rock, or hill; formulate the idea that Wordsworth is talking about god as having the first insight into the capital and how it hasnt changed through his eyes, looking past the ships, towers, domes, theatres and temples. Thus creating a more colloquial style of writing; however there is the fact that this poem was written in the 19th century where everyone would have believed in god. This idea could be the underlining of the word sun. I believe that Wordsworths sole adopted style is smooth and poetic, he holds a passion for the topics he chooses to write about which flatter his nature inspired manner. Other poems by Wordsworth which support my supposition are I wander lonely as a cloud and Three years she grew in Sun and Shower. In the 4th stanza the tone of the poem suddenly changes into an ominous low mood with a lingering and menacing spell. The word most has a lasting significance in the line as it institutes the fact that prostitution is causing this wild midnight rush. The changed tone of the poem and the imagery created in this stanza stands out as a dramatic close the blatantly sorrow-filled poem. Adding to the sharpness of the bitter ending, the tone that is usually poetic with a bouncy rhythm has stopped delivering the full force of what Blake calls reality.

Reflection on Systems Theory Intervention

Reflection on Systems Theory Intervention The aim of this assignment is to analyse my intervention with a service user and her family whilst on my 80-day placement. Whilst on placement I critically explored the social work value base, having demonstrated how I worked within the framework of the social work process. I used a variety of intervention methods, however, I am going to examine the effectiveness of one method in detail, systems theory. Before commencing this assignment I spoke to the service user, her family and placement agency, asking permission to write about my intervention with them and everyone agreed to this. I assured them of confidentiality, names have been anonymised, and no reports or confidential documents have been included. I understand the concept of respecting individuals, and will not disclosure any material that will result in a breach of a person’s integrity. Biesteck 1961, (cited in Dominelli, 2002) says confidentiality is a characteristic of the social work profession together with respect and self-determination. The agency was part of the voluntary sector, located in an area of regeneration, with high levels of deprivation, poverty, and homelessness, being established because there was a recognition that the area was particularly needy due to high levels of unemployment, crime, lone parents, pensioners, poor housing, and people experiencing health and social problems. The agency contributes to alleviating some of the pressures of everyday living helping a diverse group, and targeting those who are most vulnerable, offering a varied support system. To improve the well being of those suffering poverty, deprivation, discrimination and other forms of oppression services including generic/family support, housing support, young carers, farming and rural health, 50 forward, HIV/Aids, and Active 8 are offered. By providing free support and advice to the community the agency enables individuals to empower themselves to access a range of services putting them in touch with health, community care services, voluntary agencies and support groups. Underpinning the work of the agency is the legislation of the Every Child Matters/Youth Matters Framework and, working within this agenda, the agency hopes to improve the lives of children and young people. Listening and working in partnership with families, and young people, to provide support, enables development of opportunities and appropriate action plans to improve outcomes. Using case work and one-to-one individuals are empowered to develop strategies and plans to deal with issues such as parenting, schooling, behaviour, debt, housing, mental health, relationship breakdown, benefit support and domestic violence. The agency has a good working relationship with the Children’s Directorate and other organisations and continues to update it policies and procedures according to new government frameworks and agendas. The agency works in partnership with children’s centres, schools, social services, health teams, educational welfare teams, housing associations and variou s others, providing ongoing support and intervention. At the agency I worked within the Children and Families Team, my role being a Family Support Worker. Practicing my role, I collaborated with social services, school, and other support networks giving a holistic service to my clients, which was important to achieve positive outcomes (Trevithick, 2000). My intervention was with a 12-year-old girl, who I will refer to as Amy, who had been referred by social services; her behaviour was causing concern due to relocation with her father and stepfamily. Amy had previously lived with her mother, with whom she had a good relationship, however, she involved Amy in age inappropriate conversations, had depression, alcohol issues, and allowed Amy to witness scenes of domestic violence. Amy’s mother was unable to care for her, and she was fostered until a few months ago. For several months Amy had been living with her father and stepfamily, and was finding it difficult to adapt to her new living arrangements. Social services had previously been involved, albeit in another region, hence the local authority felt further support and guidance was necessary to alleviate some of the family’s problems. I have drawn a genogram to establish Amy’s direct family and stepfamily, a genogram enables â€Å" †¦ immediate visual representation of the individual or family being assessed.† (Parker and Bradley, 2006, pg.40). I did not attempt to include any extended family, the family being rather complex, as my main concern was to support Amy and her family to resolve their issues. (Please see appendix.) I supported Amy and her family to adapt to their new living situation, my work including one-to-one support, family support, advocacy and mediation, counselling skills, negotiation, adapting strategies and interventions to enable the family to adjust, supporting their emotional well-being and allowing them to move forward. My objectives were to resolve the conflict, address inappropriate behaviour, and support Amy with relationship issues with her father, boundary setting, and build her self-esteem. However, after my initial assessment, it became clear that all the family needed support; therefore, my interventions would have to involve the family as a whole. My work involved implementing positive strategies to support relationship building, empowering the family to change and become accustomed to the new family unit. I worked within the guidelines of Every Child Matters, green paper published 2003, underpinned by The Children Act, 2004 (Parker and Bradley, 2006) in order to recognise areas of need, and work with the family to try and achieve positive outcomes. Using the ASPIRE model, an essential tool which links assessment, planning, intervention, review and evaluation (Parker and Bradley, 2006), enabled me to highlight my client’s needs and work effectively with them to improve their life opportunities. The social work process begins with referral, from which I acquired as much knowledge as possible in order to assess Amy’s family background, and the environment I was entering. It is important to identify any potential danger or risk before making home visits, for yourself and colleagues, (Trevithick, 2000) so in order to avoid mistakes I adhered to the lone worker policy of the agency, checking this with my work based supervisor. For all visits I detailed the address, time schedule, base contact, making sure to have my mobile on me at all times, and was responsible for entering details onto the agency case management database. By undertaking this responsibility I achieved Key Role 4 of the National Occupational Standards (NOS) â€Å"Manage risk to individuals, families, carers, groups, communities, self and colleagues† (cited in Higham, 2006). Assessment is a continual process, and changes with circumstances, so is central to making a difference. It concerns making judgements whilst remaining non-judgemental (Middleton, 1997). I found myself reflecting on this when undertaking the assessment. According to Milner and O’Byrne (2002) â€Å" If assessment is effective then it makes it more likely that intervention will succeed† (cited in Parker and Bradley, 2006 pg.8) My first visit to the family was with a social worker from the initial assessment team, enabling her to inform me of the family background. The social worker wanted to introduce me to the family and explain my involvement, and her subsequent withdrawal. As this intervention was early on in my placement I felt reassured having the social worker present, and it made the first contact less ‘nerve racking’. I asked key questions, gathered factual evidence in preparation for my intervention, meeting Key Role 1 of the NOS, enabling me to build a picture, examine all factors, focus and prioritise. Consequently, by looking at the wider picture and other social environmental elements I was able to work together with the family, and apply appropriate strategies to resolve their issues. First contact is very important, and I used my interpersonal skills to establish good engagement, â€Å" †¦ communication is a central feature of interaction.† (Thompson 1996, pg.8). During assessment, and throughout my interventions, I demonstrated the core conditions of empathy, congruence and unconditional positive regard (Rogers, 1951) effectively by listening, showing respect, being open and honest as to how much we could achieve, whilst demonstrating anti-oppressive and anti-discriminatory practice. This is the initial stage of systems theory, building a trusting, safe, understanding relationship, where we were able to identify goals, plan, make recommendations and negotiate to achieve the desired outcomes. I felt it was important to establish a relationship built on mutual trust and respect so I conducted my assessment, and subsequent visits, in the family home so that they all felt comfortable (Koprowska, 2005). I asked questions, actively listening and observing interaction at the same time, as according to Coulshed and Orme (1998, pg.48) â€Å"Systems theory requires interviewing, assessment skills and counselling skills.† Assessing the family dynamics, I made the decision to first and foremost support Amy and focus on her well-being, as I feel children are owed a greater duty of care. I wanted to make her feel secure and rebuild her confidence to enable her to flourish, and also because she was the presenting problem for the family. It was apparent that social, personal and economic factors were impacting on the family and they needed to overcome these obstacles in order to achieve positive outcomes. Using systems theory made it difficult to identify where to intervene. The complexity of their lives made it difficult to address single issues as they were interrelated, but if they could manage some issues maybe it will enhance their lives to some extent. Amy in particular was suffering intellectually, emotionally, and socially due to her feeling isolated, having relocated. At the same time Amy was also trying to cope with her past traumas, including the impact of witnessing domestic violence. Using myself as supplementary support I hoped to assist Amy to achieve permanent, stable, emotional and social relationships, allowing her to manage the transition from one family unit to another. Accepting there were multiple needs, I assessed that work with the family, as a whole, was also needed, in particular Amy’s father. He was in denial concerning Amy, and regarding the conflict and tension the situation was creating. Hence he was unable to find a solution to his own problems. I empathised with their situation, as their own strategies were proving ineffective. We discussed how to achieve an improvement building on their strengths, adapting and incorporating them to make a realistic goal plan. Looking at their positives and strengths promoted not only anti-oppressive practice but increased the family’s motivation allowing them more potential, â€Å"†¦builds on people’s strengths rather than analysing their defects, providing help rather than treatment.† (Doel in Hanvey Philpot 1994, pg.23) After completing my assessment of the family we worked together to construct a plan of action, which according to Coulshed and Orme, (1998) are essential practice skills when using systems theory, allowing me to achieve Key Role 2 of the NOS. My work with Amy and her family included identifying problems, acknowledging that change was needed, listening to what the family wanted, implementing survival strategies enabling them to cope, whilst being non-judgemental and non-directive. We clarified and prioritised what issues needed addressing, empowering the family. This enabled me to ascertain what help they thought they needed, not necessarily what I thought. I felt this was important, as I wanted to work with the family, not for them, to achieve positive outcomes. Dominelli (2002) reinforces this, â€Å"change is easier if the directions that professionals and users wish to follow coincide.† (Pg. 25) The second stage of systems theory, is where I worked with the family to address their needs, engaging them to work with me and achieve their potential. Using my communication skills I gained their trust, which allowed me to get the family to co-operate and participate in determining the direction of change. My role as a professional was not to take sides, but to treat all members with respect, promote negotiation, and offer assistance with goals. These had to be realistic and achievable so together we came up with the following plan: Introducing strategies to help address Amy’s behaviour Advocating, acting as a confidant for Amy, enabling her to feel less isolated and able to speak freely about her mother Relationship building with Amy’s father using attachment theory Family support working together to remove barriers – implementing positive parenting, and building relationships Work with step-mother to address feelings of inadequacy, and low moods (she was mildly depressed about the family situation) Weekly visits to discuss how the changes were working, and if not adjust accordingly, offering emotional support. The aim was to improve Amy’s behaviour and integrate the family, building relationships, so that they could live peacefully together â€Å"†¦ block ‘dysfunctional’ interaction patterns, and coach the family in new behaviours.† (Davies 2002 pg.149) My interventions consisted of a number of methods, the family structure being complex. It was important to understand their needs, as not all families comply with the nuclear family structure, and have differing needs. My original referral was to work with Amy but this was deflected and became the whole family, therefore, I had to adapt using such methods as systems theory, person-centred, attachment and some task centred. I chose these methods to identify the needs of the whole family, as I felt certain methods would work well with the different individuals. The methods of intervention I used were to some extent influenced by agency policy, although the approaches used were unrestricted. I would have liked to have spent longer with this family but the agency remit is for effective short-term work, supporting families with early intervention. Prevention and well-being are important agency agendas so as to avoid dependency. The agency has funding to perform certain types of work; therefore, a cost centred approach is used, closely monitoring business and action plans to establish outcomes. The agency uses the person centred approach to empower individuals, working within Every Child Matters, Youth Matters and Local Area Authority agendas, making the services accessible to all so it has to limit expenditure and distribute evenly across all projects. Within the family support project the agency preferred to use positive parenting strategies to empower families. I tried this method with Amy and her family but felt it was ineffective and to some extent patronising; hence I adopted my own interventions. The interventions I used were not questioned, as positive results could be demonstrated, although regular case reviews were carried out to monitor progression, discuss ways forward, and the effectiveness of methods used. If no progress was visible it would be suggested that the case be closed or referred to another agency. I used systems theory, which evolved from biology and engineering and was developed by Pincus and Minahan, 1973, being further developed by Goldstein, 1974, (Coulshed Orme 1998), in my intervention as it is interactive and focuses on the consequences of one person’s actions on another. The background to this method is scientific and complex, suggests all organisms are made up of subsystems, which in turn are affected by environmental factors, super-systems. Each system will have its own subsystem, with different objectives, enabling functioning. Although I used this method, to work positively with the family and its subsystems, it is debateable in relation to its significance to social work (Healy, 2005) as it uses complex language, relies heavily on science and maths, and does not fit in with human activity according to Germain, (1979) (cited in Payne, 2005). All systems have inputs, throughputs, outputs and feedback loops (Payne, 2005), which can be applied to social systems, with all elements interconnected and mutually dependent. The action of one part not only affects others but may rely on them for it’s continued existence and undoubtedly the survival of the complete system, although according to Siporin, (1980) in practice this does not seem to happen, and it should not be assumed all parts are interrelated to maintain equilibrium. Families connect as a unit; go through life cycles, and what each member does effects the rest of the family, â€Å"†¦ circular causation†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Davies 2002 pg. 148). Problems arise because of inadequacies in the functioning of the system, or family. Consequently I had to assess contributing factors, such as the home, friends, family, school and neighbourhood as to why the ‘malfunction’ had occurred, as exchanges between these systems will effect change in the family. Using this method I identified the family as a system with subsystems to see how it was impacting on Amy. All systems have boundaries and in the family’s case I needed to assess if these were permeable or rigid. Boundaries are complicated, and by encouraging social workers to look at other issues which may be irrelevant, personal issues can get neglected (Siporin, 1980 cited in Payne, 2005). Systems theory was valuable, as it dealt with everyone rather than each individual, and improved functioning as a whole. Hanson, 1995, argues â€Å"†¦ the value of systems theory is that it deals with ‘wholes’ rather than with parts of human or social behaviour †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (cited in Payne, 2005). I felt this method would benefit the whole family as effective communication had broken down, and it involves all members, the family hierarchy, rules, boundaries, and promotes change and stability During this period of adjustment to the new family unit Amy’s family had their own individual challenges and struggles. When change occurs families often struggle, finding it difficult to interact. Systems theory concentrates on interactions and relationships (Koprowska), therefore, offering this method enabled me to assist the family, supporting them while they restructured. â€Å"Social worker’s are the maintenance mechanics oiling the interpersonal wheels of the community.† (cited in Howe, 1996 pg.54) Pincus and Minahan (Payne, 2005 pg.145) identified 3 helping systems: informal or natural systems i.e. family formal systems i.e. community group societal systems i.e. schools and 4 systems within social work; the change agent system, the client system, the target system and the action system. Using this method I identified myself as the change agent system, Amy, her father, and stepmother as client/target systems, with the whole family, myself and school as the action system. Working alongside other members of the action system provided support, allowing me to use them as a resource to achieve the aims of the intervention. Amy’s behaviour was the family’s main priority as this was having an adverse effect, resulting in ‘dysfunction’ of the system. Her behaviour was a way of gaining attention and linked to the separation from her mother. Amy felt rejected, not part of the family, resulting in her feeling isolated and alone. I felt Amy needed nurturing, a self-esteem boost and attachment to her father. We needed to work together to address Amy’s behaviour, before it became ‘unmanageable’, and allow her to change being conscious of the â€Å"feedback loop† that works within the family, or system, allowing â€Å" capacity for change† (Coulshed and Orme 1998, pg.47). Amy expressed a desire to be heard, feeling no one cared and everyone was against her, especially her father. I suggested weekly family meetings to allow the family to adapt to their new situation, air their views, without interruption, and to establish boundaries. This proved extremely effective, was enjoyable for them, and provided all the family with a role, addressing issues together. The family were able to support each other integrating each system to some extent. To manage Amy’s behaviour I gathered some information off the agency’s positive parenting website to present to Amy’s parents, as I thought these would be useful and of interest. I did not wish to patronise or preach but open up their options, offering more tools and empowering them to set goals for themselves. I reassured them of their strengths, discussed expectations and to expect setbacks, however, by being realistic, persevering, and with support the outcome could be favourable. I assured them that children are extremely resilient, can thrive, and if a child resides in a safe, nurturing environment they will grow to feel secure. A bad start does not always necessarily mean a bad future. I noticed Amy reacted differently in the presence of her father and appeared a little apprehensive. After a number of visits it became apparent that Amy’s father was oppressive and belittling towards her, making her feel inadequate and useless (Dominelli, 2002). On one occasion he actually said to me â€Å"Have you read her story? It’s useless, it’s all about herself.† There was tension in the room and I felt concerned at his remarks but contained myself by focusing on Amy’s vulnerability. Amy was unable to speak for herself so I advocated for her, meeting Key Role 3 of the NOS, and replied â€Å"Yes I’ve read her story and it’s really good. Many bestsellers are often autobiographical.† I felt it was of utmost importance to deal with this ‘system’ sooner rather than later. Payne (2005) suggests it helps to identify the source of oppression to work in an anti-oppressive way, incorporating an anti-discriminatory persp ective. One of the benefits of systems theory is that it is very broad; hence, you are able to integrate it with other theories to promote positive outcomes. Giddens, 1984, argues by incorporating theories it â€Å" †¦ allows for a strong emphasis on people’s capacity for influencing their social situation.† (Payne, 2005 pg.149) In order to enhance Amy and her father’s relationship I introduced attachment theory alongside systems theory. Attachment, defined by Ainsworth (1989) as an â€Å"affectional bond† (Prior, 2006, pg.57), and according to Bowlby, (1951) is when a strong bond does not develop at an early age affecting a child’s social and emotional development. Amy’s father, being absent from her life, played no active role, therefore, she had not attached. Amy had a negative attitude towards her father as he ignored her, did not listen and prevented communication with her mother. He was unknowingly oppressing Amy with his negativity, and he thought by ignoring her she would be quiet. I encouraged building a relationship, being more positive towards each other, with her father praising her for good behaviour etc. To improve Amy’s behaviour we devised a reward chart, using token economy, although criticised by some as unethical, it worked because the action system was consistent, and Amy enjoyed it. This method worked, improved her well-being, boosted her self-esteem, allowing her to identify her difficulties, empowering her to acknowledge that she needed and wanted to change her behaviour. We set realistic, achievable tasks for gradual change, encouraging Amy to participate, boosting her confidence. Occasionally Amy found the tasks difficult so we reviewed and adapted them as necessary, giving her praise and incentives. Amy was crying out for love, approval, and abasic need for acceptance, however, communication had broken down. Re-building Amy’s relationship with her father established trust, and she felt secure enough to express her feelings.   Amy’s father became more positive and accepting, making me question my thoughts and feelings towards him earlier in the intervention. I believe it is important to be aware of your feelings, recognising changes in order to manage them. Thompson, (2000) states: â€Å"It is also important to note that a non-judgemental attitude is important as a basis for a sound working relationship †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (pg.110). To support them I used emotion cards allowing communication of thoughts, feelings and understanding of one another, which worked really well. It allowed them to spend more time together, getting to know each other, and form an â€Å"affectional bond† (Prior, 2006, pg.57), enabling Amy to talk freely about her mother. The experience benefitted Amy providing security and enabling her to grow in confidence (Bowlby, 1951). Leaving the cards with the family, I suggested they spent time exploring their thoughts and feelings to address underlying issues. In order to move forward Amy needed to talk about what happened with her mother and these cards were beneficial to her emotional well being, giving her coping skills. We reviewed events weekly and it was encouraging to hear that the family used the cards during a family meeting, empowering themselves. Although, systems theory was the foundation for my intervention I also used Carl Roger’s (1951) person centred approach to establish an open, honest relationship with the family (Koprowska, 2005). I chose this method with Amy and her stepmother, who I will refer to as Susan, as I felt it would be individual to each member and they would drive it, also it would encourage depth and exploration of their feelings (Mearns and Thorne, 1999, pg.51) â€Å"†¦ shows that she understands the feelings and thoughts being expressed by the client.† I wanted to support them both emotionally empowering them to embrace change and move forward. Using person centred counselling with Amy was extremely important, allowing her thoughts and feelings to be heard, and promoting anti-oppressive practice. By asking Amy what she wanted, listening, keeping her informed, giving feedback, and involving her in the process I counteracted her negative image of adults, allowing her to take control and empower herself, building her self-esteem. This approach allowed me to create conditions of trust to overcome constraints and see the situation from her perspective. This was important as it allowed me to build a positive relationship with the family. I presented Amy with a secret diary to record her thoughts and feelings to discuss weekly. We discussed her behaviour and how this impacted on the family. Causing rifts within her stepfamily put her at risk of isolation, and also of possibly being put into foster care again, as Susan felt unable to cope. I highlighted to Amy that the family situation was not ideal for all members, not just herself, however, by working together to achieve a compromise issues could be resolved. Persuading her this was the way forward was a skill, according to Coulshed and Orme, (1998), essential to applying systems theory. By showing Amy respect, valuing her and maintaining confidentiality she reflected on her behaviour and saw how this affected her family. Supporting Amy and Susan allowed emotional development, as both were in a vulnerable position regarding their family situation. Being empathic and understanding encouraged them to feel secure enough to share information knowing I would respect their confidentiality, at the same time unburdening themselves. Using Roger’s principles alongside systems theory built up trust between us, with no barriers, encouraging an equal relationship. Mearns and Thorne (1999, pg.97) sum this up, â€Å"Mystery evokes the illusion of power; transparency dissolves it.† This contributed to sustaining a good working relationship. Susan found issues within the family really stressful and felt unable to cope, being in the middle of all the arguments. This affected her mental well-being, and I felt she was close to walking out on the family. I had to rectify this ‘system’ fairly quickly or risk the subsequent breakdown of all the systems. Susan was the pivotal ‘system’ holding the others together so I worked alongside her to seek solutions. She actively engaged in other activities such as using the emotion cards and spending time with Amy in order to build a relationship but she was finding the situation draining. We talked openly enabling Susan was able to express her thoughts and feelings, although tearfully. I supported Susan showing empathy and told her not to expect too much of herself. I felt the family demanding too much of her, and she was trying a little to hard to please everyone. I suggested some ‘time out’, leaving the family for an hour or so to cope on their own, even if it was only going round to her dad’s or a friend. Susan needed a break from the stress factors to recharge herself. She felt unburdened talking to me, as I was actively listening, and she was really appreciative, so I suggested that she talk to her husband, explaining her feelings. This was effective as her husband had not realised how she was feeling, being caught up in his own thoughts, resulting in her feeling calmer and more able to cope. To support Susan further I intimated to Amy that maybe the rest of the family could cook a meal for Susan to show how much they loved and appreciated her, which would boost her self-esteem. This would enable each sub system to carry out a task, working together achieving a family purpose, and improve functioning. As a result of the intervention the family interacted more optimistically, which is the central aim of systems theory (Healy, 2005). I regularly reviewed the work undertaken with the family, and my assessor, adjusting and adapting strategies to suit their needs. Mediating between the different systems enabled me to re-establish less destructive relationships. My intervention with this family was very intense and I became very close, and maybe a little too friendly, with Amy and Susan, going home mentally drained. I used my supervision to express these feelings, asking for guidance on professional boundaries and methods of detaching. My assessor, acted as a container (Froggett, 2002), providing me with direction. This helped me focus on my strengths instead of my weaknesses. Learning is an ongoing process; hence I was able to develop new skills to effectively manage my practice. The final stage of systems theory is the ending, a significant element of the structure (Healy, 2005). At the outset I explained to the family that my intervention was only short term, avoiding dependency. Coulshed and Orme (1998) suggest termination is ‘built in from the beginning’ (pg. 118). Systems theory is only a temporary solution and families often need more support, therefore, not wishing to leave Amy without support, I put in place, with her family’s consent, other networks at school for when my placement ended. Amy was sad I was leaving, however, systems theory enabled me to explore her feelings and we discussed the benefits of continued support, and she was happy to be referred to a school counsellor. â€Å"Abrupt endings, in which the service user has no part in the decision-making, leave room for the event to be interpreted as a rejection or abandonment.† Miller (2006, pg.45) Amy had made good progress at home and school, and the family were adapting and managing their new family unit with the tools provided, attaining equilibrium for the present. My last two weeks were in a supporting role rather than an intervention and as Trevithick (2000) states providing the right kind of support we could ‘release the momentum and motivation towards self- sufficiency and independence’ †¦ called ‘self-actualization’ (p.33). Implementing systems theory allowed me to understand the family, respond appropriately, and highlight their strengths (Healy, 2005) whilst promoting anti-oppressive practice. Systems theory helped each system with